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According to the latest research in "Ceramics" magazine, porous functional graded ceramics (porous FGC) have great promise in overcoming the limited mechanical capabilities of uniform and high-permeability bioceramics used as bone grafts.
Research: Porous functional graded bioceramics with integrated interface texture. Image source: SGr/Shutterstock.com
Bioceramics is a synthetic polymer made of biodegradable ceramic materials and bioglass. It is famous for calcium phosphate and alumina. Over the years, bioceramics have been effectively used in the human body.
They are commonly used in surgical treatments and dentistry, although they may be suitable for various key purposes such as hip replacement and long-term use as a coating. Substances in this category are generally stronger in composition, although depending on the use, they may be densely packed or highly porous.
Porous bioceramics have been extensively studied to meet the increasing demand for bone replacement materials caused by demographic changes. The quality of perforated ceramics is severely affected by its microporous characteristics, which are defined by the overall permeability, diameter, geometry, interconnection and dispersion of the openings.
For example, by developing an extremely asymmetric unidirectional directional hole structure, the pore distribution of the entire sample can be adjusted in a targeted manner, which provides the greatest hope for achieving excellent tensile quality.
Porous ceramics FGCs have recently received attention as the next generation of biomaterials. They solve the mechanical disadvantages of homogeneous porous ceramics by integrating the advantages of tightly packed and permeable ceramics into the same substance.
The SEM micrograph (AC) shows the microstructure and ideal achievable shape of each interface texture (non-textured plane reference (A); 2D linear wave (B); 3D Gaussian hill (C) as the reconstructed µCT image Optical reference for (CF). µCT image real 3D microstructure and morphological visualization of the interface texture with porosity paired with 0 and 30 Vol% porogen. Highlight the morphological difference between the three texture types, each interface They are all colored with translucent lines. Image source: Biggemann, J. et al., Ceramics
By changing the conventional manufacturing procedures of homogeneous porous ceramics, such as reaction template, direct foaming, freezing casting, etc., hierarchical porosity is often produced.
The low tensile properties (brittleness, low tensile strength) of all calcium phosphate bioceramics manufactured in porous form limit their medical use in non-primary load-bearing parts of bones. Modification mechanisms are being rapidly developed to improve their mechanical properties.
In the latest research, alumina (Al2O3) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) bioceramics have gradient permeability and combined interface patterns, which are made using a two-step micro-transfer molding process, supplemented by additional sacrifices to form pores Agent.
Scanning electron microscopy is used to analyze the interface crystal structure of HAp and Al2O3 with 3 texture styles with different porous couplings.
It is found that regardless of the concentration of the pore-forming agent in each substrate, there is no defect, and the substance-to-substance coupling can be established on the entire sample cross section (4 mm × 3 mm) of all pore combinations. The operating parameters (temperature, frequency) of the secondary casting stage are very important and must be adjusted experimentally according to the shape of the sample to ensure adequate bonding between the surfaces and prevent design delamination or crack development in the heated first layer.
Microstructure of porous functionally graded Al2O3 ceramics (porous FGC) with integrated interface texture. The two-dimensional SEM cross-section of the yz plane shows the interfaces of various porosity pairs (marked by orange arrows and shown in orange boxes at greater magnification). The number above each image represents the amount of porogen in each layer. The gray color of the SEM micrograph corresponds to the ceramic matrix, and the black color corresponds to the spherical pores. For a porosity difference ∆p> 20 Vol%, the gradient is discontinuous (left column), and for a small porosity difference ∆p <10 Vol%, a continuous gradient can be obtained (middle column). The right column shows three realized interface textures: flat non-textured reference (A), 2D linear wave (B), and 3D Gaussian hills (C). Image source: Biggemann, J. et al., ceramics
When the permeability difference decreases to ∆p ≤ 10 Vol%, the interface between the levels becomes unclear and consistent, resulting in a gradient connection.
For homogeneous porous Al2O3 and HAp, the elastic modulus and flexural modulus decrease exponentially with the increase of porosity.
Compared with non-uniform porous samples with the same porosity, porous FGC with 0/30 Vol permeability connection has lower Young's modulus and flexural strength.
For any porous FGC sample series, mechanical deformation is not formed on the surface, but formed in the porous 30 volume percent layer between the internal support spans of the 4-point bending configuration.
The flexural strength of the porous 0/30 Vol% FGC sample was compared with the homogeneous porous sample with 30 Vol% pore former. No significant difference in standard deviation can be detected, and all FGC series show the same intensity.
It has been determined that in the presence of defects such as cracks, changing the contact topology has a huge ability to improve the wear resistance and impact resistance of porous FGC.
In short, an innovative two-step transfer molding method is used to combine alumina (Al2O3) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) raw materials with different numbers of spherical pore precursors (0-40 volume percent) to produce clear porous structure. Regardless of the content of the porogen used, all pore pairs can achieve defect-free substance-to-substance bonding, showing unlimited combinability.
Biggemann, J. et al., 2021. Porous functional graded bioceramics with integrated interface texture. Ceramic MDPI, Volume 4(4), pages 681-695. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6131/4/4/48
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Ibtisam graduated from the Islamabad Institute of Space Technology with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering. During his academic career, he participated in multiple research projects and successfully managed multiple extracurricular activities such as International World Space Week and International Aerospace Engineering Conference. Ibtisam participated in an English essay competition during his undergraduate course and has always been interested in research, writing and editing. Soon after graduation, he joined AzoNetwork as a freelancer to improve his skills. Ibtisam likes to travel, especially to the countryside. He has always been a sports fan and likes watching tennis, football and cricket. Ibtisam was born in Pakistan and one day hopes to travel the world, build strong bonds of friendship, and spread the message of peace and love.
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